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	<title>circuitmaniac.com &#187; Linear Integrated Circuits</title>
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		<title>Op-amp in closed loop configuration</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/15/op-amp-in-closed-loop-configuration/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/15/op-amp-in-closed-loop-configuration/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2008 17:12:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open and closed loop configurations]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=619</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Op-amp is in closed loop configuration when there is a connection either direct or via another network exist between the input and output terminals.We can control the gain of op-amp if we introduce a modification in the basic circuit.This modification involves a feedback ie the input signal is fed back to the input either direct [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Open Loop Op-Amp Configurations</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/14/open-loop-op-amp-configurations/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/14/open-loop-op-amp-configurations/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 17:35:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open and closed loop configurations]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=607</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When connected in open-loop configuration,the op-amp functions as a high gain amplifier.These are three open loop op-amp configurations. Differential Amplifier Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier These configurations are classed according to the number of inputs used and the terminal to which the input is applied when a single input is used. Disadvantages of open loop configurations [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/14/ideal-voltage-transfer-curve/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/14/ideal-voltage-transfer-curve/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 15:59:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=604</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vo=A(V1-V2) This is the basic op-amp equation in which the output offset voltage is assumed to be zero.The graphic representation of this equation is shown;where the output voltage ,Vo is plotted against input difference voltage Vid,keeping gain A constant.The output voltage cannot exceed the positive and negative saturation voltage.These saturation voltages are specified by an [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Ideal Op-amp</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/13/the-ideal-op-amp/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/13/the-ideal-op-amp/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 15:36:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=601</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An ideal op-amp would exhibit the following characteristics Infinite Voltage gain,A Infinite input resistance,Ri so that almost any signal source can drive it and there is no loading of the preceding stage Zero output resistance,Ro so that output can drive infinite number of other devices Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero Infinite bandwidth [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Op-amp Parameters</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/13/op-amp-parameters/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/10/13/op-amp-parameters/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2008 14:39:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=593</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[1)Input offset Voltage Input offset voltage is the the voltage that must be applied between the two input terminals of an op-amp to null the output.Typical value of 741 IC is 6mV dc. 2) Input offset current The algebraic difference between the current in the inverting and non inverting terminal is known as the input [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Frequency response of an op-amp</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/27/frequency-response-of-an-op-amp/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/27/frequency-response-of-an-op-amp/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 15:03:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=414</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[We have treated the gain of the op-amp as a constant.However it is a complex number that is a function of frequency.Therefore at a given frequency the gain will have a specific magnitude as well as phase angle.The manner in which the gain of the op-amp response to different frequencies is called the frequency response.A [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/27/inverting-and-non-inverting-amplifier/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/27/inverting-and-non-inverting-amplifier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 08:58:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp applications]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=406</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In the inverting amplifier,only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input terminal.The non-inverting input terminal is grounded since V1=0V and V2=Vin. Therefore Vo = -A(Vin) The negative sign indicates the output voltage is out of phase with respect to input by 180 degree or is of opposite polarity.Thus in the inverting [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Differential Amplifier</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/differential-amplifier/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/differential-amplifier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 06:46:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp applications]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=392</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The figure shows the open loop configuration of differential amplifier in which the input signals Vin1 and Vin2 are applied to the positive and negative input terminals since the op-amp amplifies the difference between the two input signals,this configuration is called differential amplifier.Vin1 and Vin2 could be either ac or dc voltages.The source resistances Rin1 [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Output Stage of an op-amp</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/output-stage/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/output-stage/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 18:21:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stages of op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=374</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The function of the last stage in an op-amp is to supply the load current and provide a low impedance output.a simple output stage is an emitter follower with complementary transistors.When Vi is positive,transistor Q1 is on and supplies current to load RL .If Vi is negative,Q1 is cutoff and Q2 acts as a sink [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Level Translator</title>
		<link>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/level-translator/</link>
		<comments>http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2008/09/26/level-translator/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 18:16:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linear Integrated Circuits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[op-amp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stages of op-amp]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://electricalandelectronics.org/?p=367</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There are two good reasons for using a level shifter in an IC(op-amp).As we want an op-amp to operate down to dc,no coupling capacitor is used.Because of direct coupling,the dc level rises from stage to stage.The increase in dc level tend to shift the operating point of next stage.This,in turn,limits the output voltage swing and [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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